A. Static

First go to sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces .
For example here I want to configure the IP Address with IP 192.168.2.236 on interface enp0s5.

auto enp0s5
iface enp0s5 inet static
address 192.168.2.236/24
gateway 192.168.2.254
dns-nameservers 192.168.2.254 1.1.1.1 8.8.8.8

Here I will give an explanation of the parameters above.

After everything has been configured, save the file and restart the service network to save the changes, here is the command:

• If using systemd, sudo systemctl restart networking

• If using sysinit, sudo service networking restart

B. DHCP

For DHCP itself, it is very simple.

auto enp0s5
iface enp0s5 inet dhcp

Yes it is like that, after configuring, restart the network service that I have written above

One octet consists of 8 bits (11111111), 1 bit consists of different values, ordered from left to right.
Here we go : 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 0.

I will not explain the fundamentals of subnetting here, because it is too long, and hopefully those who read this already understand the basics of subnetting, but still often forget 🗿.

OK, here are examples of questions and answers, along with explanations below.

Question

Find the answer below in IP 192.168.10.20/28 (Class C)

1. Total IP

2. Specify the Network IP

3. Specify the Broadcast IP

4. Range of hosts that can be used

5. Subnet Mask

6. Since he is at prefix 192.168.10.20/28, what is the total number of subnets to reach host 20?

Answer

1. 16

2. 192.168.10.16

3. 192.168.10.31

4. 192.168.10.17 - 192.168.10.30

5. 255.255.255.240

6. There are 2 = (192.168.10.0 - 192.168.10.15) and (192.168.10.16 - 192.168.10.31)

Explanation

1. Total IP, the formula for calculating the total IP is 2 ^ 4, why 2? because it is grouped between network and broadcast, and so it is 2, and why 4? we count the number of bits 0 in the host segment (4th octet). /28 if converted to binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000, okay means the number 0 is 4, then 2 ^ 4 the result is 16.

2. It is clear that the answer is 192.168.10.16, because if calculated from 0 then the range is 192.168.10.0 - 192.168.10.15, so it is fitting that 192.168.10.16 is used as an IP Network.

3. It is clear that the answer is 192.168.10.31, because the IP range itself is 192.168.10.16 - 192.168.10.31, where .31 is a broadcast.

4. The host range that can be used, 192.168.10.17 - 192.168.10.30, why is it only up to 30?, because .16 is as a network and .31 as a broadcast, so the host or client cannot use both ip.

5. Let's convert this /28 to binary numbers and look for the number 1 in the host segment (4th octet), 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000, which means in arithmetic operations is 128+64+32+16 which results in 240. Then the answer is 255.255.255.240.

6. Because in this question the IP asked is 192.168.10.20/28, then we are actually in the second subnetting in this /28 prefix. Remember again because the total IP in the /28 prefix itself is 16, now it means that it is clear that we are in the second subnetting. Here's the information: Subnetting 1 = (192.168.10.0 - 192.168.10.15) Subnetting 2 = (192.168.10.16 - 192.168.10.31).

Have a good day mate! ☕.

1. Topology

Here I utilize 2 Routers so it's like a Switch, 3 ROS (1 Router, 2 Switches).

2. Configuration

Lessgo to the configuration stage 🤙.

A. Router (RTR)

Configure IP Address, Firewall NAT, DNS Server, DHCP Server, and create vlan10, vlan20, vlan99 on ether2 pointing to the switch.

VLAN99-MGMT = 172.16.1.0/29
VLAN10 = 10.10.10.0/24
VLAN20 = 10.20.20.0/24

B. Switch (SW-CORE)

Here the role of SW-CORE is as a bridge to SW-Distries that connect directly to clients with vlan10 and vlan20, so the role of SW-CORE is very crucial.

Actually, it could be SW-Distry directly to the Router, I just added SW-CORE so that you understand what to configure if you later encounter a case like this (RTR> SW1> SW2> Client).

• Create a vlan99-MGMT on ether1 that points to the Router

• First create the bridge interface, free name, and set the IP Address at 172.16.1.2/29 on the Bridge interface

• After it is created, enter the Ports tab, enter which port you want to broadcast / forward the vlan, here according to the topology is ether1, ether2, oiya and don't forget to enter the vlan99-MGMT too, because it is he who plays the role of forwarding the vlan header, (replacement for vlan1). And set all interfaces that go to PVID 99, change from 1 to 99.

  

• Then go to the VLANs tab, set according to the image below, which ones want to be Tagged and Untagged.

  

• After that, we just go to the Bridge tab, double click on the bridge interface name, set the PVID to 99

  

C. Switch (SW-Distri)

This is where the role of SW-Distri as a direct link to the client, lessgo just set it up, here I configure ether2 in vlan10 and ether3 in vlan20.

• First create the bridge interface, free name, and set the IP Address at 172.16.1.3/29 on the Bridge interface.

• After it is created, enter the Ports tab, you must pay attention to the PVID, ether1 which leads to SW-CORE must be 99, ether2 in 10 and ether3 in 20.

  

• Click the VLANs tab, and set it according to the image below, yes the D (Dynamic) symbol is there because I have set the VLAN Filtering, but to prevent it from not being able to be on the remote switch, it would be better to set it first in the VLANs tab, or you can also activate the RoMON feature.

  

• After that, we just go to the Bridge tab, double click on the bridge interface name, set the PVID to 99

  

3. Testing

   Finally, we will do testing on the PC Client, remember, ether2 vlan10, ether3 vlan20.

   We start at VPC-VL10 first (vlan10):

   • Click the PC, then type ip dhcp.

   • Tada, we have successfully obtained the DHCP IP, obtained at 10.10.10.254/24.

     

Next open the VPC-VL20:

• Click on the PC, then type ip dhcp.

• Tada, you have successfully obtained the DHCP IP, it can be at 10.20.20.254/24

  

Then we test ping or connectivity between PCs and ping to the internet.

VPC-VL10:

• Successful ping to VPC-VL20 and ping to the internet, namely 1.1.1.1 (Cloudflare) and google.com.

  

VPC-VL20:

• Successful ping to VPC-VL10 and ping to the internet, namely 1.1.1.1 (Cloudflare) and google.com.

  

It's done and it works!, this Bridge VLAN Filtering feature is indeed suitable if you utilize the Router as a Switch, because the Bridge feature itself works at Layer2.

If you configure the CRS (Cloud Router Switch) series Switch, this must also be the configuration.

Have a good day! ☕.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessors) is an open-source server-side scripting language that many devs use for web development. It is also a general-purpose language that you can use to make lots of projects, including Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).
So, PHP is a Back-End Programming.

PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995.
Now the latest version is PHP 8.3.1, I recommend you use the latest version of PHP, because so many versions of PHP are EOL.

PHP runs on Zend Engine, like NodeJS run on V8 JavaScript Engine.
If you're want to use PHP as Server-side, there are many the Databases and Webservers recommended for PHP.

In this article I only install PHP as a command line scripting 🗿.

What's Databases are Recommended for PHP?

Retrieved from https://www.php.net/manual/en/refs.database.vendors.php, these are the databases that recommend for PHP:

1. MySQL

2. PostgreSQL

3. Oracle

4. SQLite, etc.

Best Webservers for PHP

Retrieved from Best Web Servers for PHP Development - RedAlkemi, these are the best webservers for PHP:

1. Apache is a popular web server that supports the use of PHP. It can be installed on a variety of operating systems, including Linux, macOS, and Windows.

2. NGINX is another popular web server that supports the use of PHP. It is known for its high performance and low resource usage, which makes it a good choice for high-traffic websites.

3. Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services) is a web server that is included with the Windows operating system. It supports the use of PHP and is a good choice for applications that are hosted on a Windows server.

4. LiteSpeed is a commercial web server that supports the use of PHP. High-traffic environments often use it because of its high performance.

How to Install PHP on Windows 10/11

First, visit https://www.php.net/downloads.php and select Windows downloads with version 8.3.0.

Since I'm running PHP only on the command line, I'll use the Non Thread Safe type, and choose the .zip format.

You might be wondering why there are Thread Safe and Non Thread Safe options, what-is-thread-safe-or-non-thread-safe-in-php. Most communities use Non Thread Safe, because its fast, less bugs, and more secure.

Open file explorer and extract .zip file.

If you open the terminal right now and type php --version, there must be an error 😅.

Because we have not set the PATH Environment Variable of this PHP folder.
What is it? the PATH Environment Variable is a set of directories where executable programs are located. For simple, it allows the execution of commands.

Now copy the address of the folder.

Then click on Windows start menu and search "edit the system environment variables" or just "env" and click it.

Click "Environment Variables...".

Go to the "System variables", then select "path" option and double-click it.

Select "New" and paste it from the PHP folder that I'm explained above. Then click OK three times 🗿.

Okay, now open your favourite terminal, type php --version

You have successfully installed PHP on your Windows 10/11 machine.

Because I'm still new to blogging, please advise and criticize if there are mistakes in words, thank you.